• DAY2SVR: Nws Storm Prediction Center Norman Ok

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Aug 17 05:36:21 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 170536
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 170534

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1234 AM CDT Sun Aug 17 2025

    Valid 181200Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE NORTHERN PLAINS EASTWARD TO THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND
    WESTERN GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorms with potential for isolated severe wind gusts and hail
    will be possible on Monday over parts of the central and northern
    Plains eastward into the upper Mississippi Valley and western Great
    Lakes.

    ...Central and Northern Plains/Mid Missouri Valley...
    At mid-levels, a ridge will build over the northern Plains on
    Monday, as flow over much of the north-central U.S. remains from the west-northwest. At the surface, a post-frontal airmass will be in
    place over much of the central and eastern Dakotas. Along the
    southern and western periphery of this airmass, moderate instability
    will likely develop by afternoon from parts of eastern Montana
    southeastward into Nebraska. Large-scale ascent will likely remain
    limited over much of the region, helping to keep convective
    development isolated. Although deep-layer shear should remain below
    35 knots in most areas, low to mid-level lapse rates will be steep.
    This could be enough for a marginal severe threat, mainly in the
    late afternoon and early evening. Severe wind gusts and hail will be
    the primary threats.

    ...Upper Mississippi Valley/Western Great Lakes...
    A subtle mid-level shortwave trough is forecast to move eastward
    into the upper Mississippi Valley on Monday afternoon. To the east
    of the trough, moderate to strong instability is forecast to develop
    from central Iowa eastward into northern Illinois. The greatest
    convective coverage is expected to develop further to the north
    across parts of Wisconsin, where instability will be weaker but
    deep-layer shear will be greater. The combination of instability and
    deep-layer shear across Wisconsin could be sufficient for a marginal wind-damage threat during the late afternoon and early evening. This
    threat, along with a potential for hail could extend southwestward
    into central Iowa where strong instability is forecast.

    ..Broyles.. 08/17/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Aug 17 17:30:45 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 171730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 171729

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1229 PM CDT Sun Aug 17 2025

    Valid 181200Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WITHIN THE
    CENTRAL/NORTHERN PLAINS AND UPPER MIDWEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms capable of damaging winds are possible in
    parts of the Upper Midwest on Monday. Isolated to widely scattered
    storms could produce large hail and severe winds in parts of the central/northern Plains.

    ...Northern/Central Plains...
    Isolated to widely scattered storms to develop either along a weak
    surface trough, within the terrain in eastern Wyoming/Black Hills,
    or a cold front near the Nebraska/South Dakota border. Strong
    buoyancy and effective shear of 30-40 kts will allow for the
    stronger storms to be organized. Large hail and severe winds would
    be the expected hazards. There is some potential for a more
    organized cluster of storms to progress eastward. This would most
    likely occur near the cold front during late afternoon/evening.
    However, a very weak low-level jet and uncertain cold pool
    organization keeps confidence too low for any increase in wind
    probabilities.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    Showers/thunderstorms are expected to be ongoing Monday morning.
    This will have an impact on where the greatest destabilization will
    occur during the afternoon. Furthermore, the region will be in the
    wake of a departing shortwave trough/MCV with mid-level ascent being
    nebulous and uncertain. Current guidance suggests the greatest
    potential for afternoon storms will exist in parts of
    central/southern Wisconsin into northern Illinois. There, some
    surface heating and low-level lift near a weak surface low/triple
    point could promote widely scattered to scattered thunderstorms.
    While the exact placement of this activity remains uncertain, the
    environment would support marginal supercells and multicell clusters
    with a primary hazard of damaging winds.

    Farther southwest into Iowa, strong buoyancy is expected to develop
    south of any outflow from morning activity. MLCAPE around 3000 J/kg
    would support a threat for isolated wind damage even with weaker
    effective shear than farther north. However, with little in the way
    of mid-level ascent and uncertain low-level forcing gives low
    confidence in storm coverage.

    ...Southwest into central Montana...
    Though a ridge will be building into the northern Rockies,
    sufficient moisture may promote thunderstorm development in the
    higher terrain. Flow aloft will be strong enough to support at least
    marginally organized storms. However, it is not clear how intense
    storms will be given some signal for moisture to mix out during the
    afternoon. Strong, gusty outflow winds are possible, but confidence
    in severe potential remains low.

    ..Wendt.. 08/17/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Aug 18 05:55:17 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 180555
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 180553

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1253 AM CDT Mon Aug 18 2025

    Valid 191200Z - 201200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A severe threat is not expected across the continental U.S. on
    Tuesday or Tuesday night.

    ...DISCUSSION...
    A mid-level ridge will build northward across the central Rockies
    and northern High Plains on Tuesday, as a subtle shortwave trough
    moves through the Great Lakes region. At the surface, a cold front
    will advance southward into the Ohio and mid Mississippi Valleys,
    extending westward into the southern Plains. As surface temperatures
    warm during the day, low-level convergence near the front will be
    favorable for isolated to scattered thunderstorm development.
    Limited large-scale ascent and weak deep-layer shear will be
    unfavorable for severe storms. Further northwest into the
    north-central states, moderate instability will be possible by
    Tuesday afternoon, mainly in the Dakotas. However, a severe threat
    is not expected due to limited large-scale ascent, minimal low-level convergence, and weak deep-layer shear. Elsewhere across the
    continental U.S., a severe threat is not expected Tuesday and
    Tuesday night.

    ..Broyles.. 08/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Aug 18 17:30:19 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 181730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 181728

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1228 PM CDT Mon Aug 18 2025

    Valid 191200Z - 201200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS IN THE SOUTHERN
    GREAT PLAINS TO THE MIDWEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Localized damaging winds are possible across parts of the Midwest,
    Mid-South, and southern Great Plains on Tuesday afternoon to early
    evening.

    ...Midwest to Southern Great Plains...
    The upper-level pattern will be characterized by an anticyclone
    anchored over the Southwest and a low-amplitude trough/embedded MCVs
    from the Great Lakes to the Lower MO Valley. While mid-level winds
    will be weak to the southwest of the Great Lakes, low-probability
    severe gust/damaging wind potential is evident Tuesday along a
    convectively modulated surface front expected to arc from the Lake
    Erie vicinity to the Lower OH Valley and trailing into KS/OK. This
    should be focused during the afternoon to early evening as scattered
    to numerous thunderstorms form along the front, as well as on
    pre-existing outflows from early-day convective remnants.

    Rather warm boundary-layer temperatures will again support a swath
    of large buoyancy, which should have embedded pockets of more muted
    MLCAPE where morning convection decays. 12Z HREF and ML guidance
    signals are supportive of sporadic strong to severe gusts in wet
    microbursts. With weak deep-layer shear, organized clustering
    appears unlikely. Thus, isolated damaging winds seem plausible until
    convection weakens around sunset.

    ..Grams.. 08/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Aug 19 05:41:31 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 190541
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 190539

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1239 AM CDT Tue Aug 19 2025

    Valid 201200Z - 211200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    NORTH DAKOTA AND FAR NORTHEAST MONTANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible on Wednesday in the late
    afternoon and early evening across northern North Dakota and far
    northeast Montana.

    ...Northern North Dakota/Far Northeast Montana...
    A mid-level ridge, extending from a large high centered on the Four
    Corners region, will move eastward across the northern Plains on
    Wednesday. At the surface, a cold front will advance southeastward
    across southern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba during the day.
    Ahead of the front, an axis of moderate instability is forecast to
    develop by afternoon from southwestern Manitoba into east-central
    North Dakota. Thunderstorm development will be likely near the front
    in far southern Canada, with additional more isolated storms
    possible near the instability axis in east-central North Dakota.
    Model forecasts suggest that MLCAPE will peak in the 3000 to 4000
    J/kg range, with 0-6 km shear around 30 knots. This may be enough
    for a marginal severe threat. Hail and isolated severe gusts will be
    possible, mainly during the late afternoon and early evening.

    ..Broyles.. 08/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Aug 19 17:03:59 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 191703
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 191702

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1202 PM CDT Tue Aug 19 2025

    Valid 201200Z - 211200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS FAR
    NORTHEAST MONTANA AND PARTS OF NORTHERN NORTH DAKOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible on Wednesday evening
    across northern North Dakota and far northeast Montana.

    ...Northeast MT into northern ND...

    A strong upper anticyclone will be centered over the Four Corners,
    with attendant upper riding extending north/northeast into the
    northern Plains. A shortwave upper trough is forecast to develop
    east across the Canadian Rockies, and eventually into Saskatchewan
    late in the period. This will result in height falls across the
    northern Rockies into the northern Plains generally after 00z. As
    this occurs, mid/upper westerly flow will increase. Modestly
    deepening low pressure over eastern MT likely will result in
    increasing southerly low-level flow ahead of a
    southeastward-advancing cold front moving across the region from
    late afternoon into the nighttime hours.

    A narrow corridor of rich boundary layer moisture will exist across
    western ND ahead of the front. Steep lapse rates will support
    1500-3000 J/kg MLCAPE values. However, capping will likely suppress
    diurnal convection. As strong ascent accompanies the approach of the
    surface front and upper trough during the evening/nighttime hours,
    isolated convection is possible. A marginal wind/hail risk could
    accompany any stronger sustained storms near the advancing cold
    front.

    ..Leitman.. 08/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Aug 20 05:58:03 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 200557
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 200556

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1256 AM CDT Wed Aug 20 2025

    Valid 211200Z - 221200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR THE
    CENTRAL/EASTERN DAKOTAS INTO PARTS OF MINNESOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    An isolated severe threat is expected to develop Thursday into
    Thursday night over parts of the Dakotas into Minnesota, with severe
    gusts and hail possible.

    ...Northern Plains into parts of MN...
    A mid/upper-level shortwave trough is forecast to evolve into a
    deep-layer cyclone as it moves eastward across parts of the Canadian
    Prairies on Thursday. A trailing cold front will move through the
    Dakotas and northwest MN, with a weak frontal wave potentially
    developing across SD. Diurnal heating of a relatively moist airmass
    will result in moderate to locally strong destabilization by late
    afternoon.

    An embedded mid/upper-level shortwave trough and associated remnant
    convection is expected to move across MB/ND and northern MN early in
    the day. In the wake of this shortwave, large-scale ascent is
    expected to be generally weak until later Thursday night, resulting
    in uncertainty regarding afternoon/evening storm development.
    Isolated storm development cannot be ruled out near the front, and
    potentially near the weak surface low across SD. An increase in
    storm coverage is expected late Thursday night, as somewhat stronger
    midlevel height falls and upper-level difluence overspread the
    region.

    The strongest mid/upper-level flow will tend to lag behind the
    front, but deep-layer shear will still be sufficient for some storm organization, including conditional supercell potential. The
    Marginal Risk has been maintained with this outlook, but greater
    severe probabilities may eventually be needed, depending on trends
    regarding storm coverage and timing from parts of the Dakotas into
    northwest MN.

    Other strong storms may develop Thursday night across parts of the
    northern High Plains, within a favorably sheared post-frontal
    regime. Severe probabilities may eventually need to be expanded
    westward, if confidence increases in a favored post-frontal
    corridor.

    ...Coastal NC...
    The center of Hurricane Erin is forecast by NHC to remain well
    offshore of coastal NC on Thursday as it begins moving
    northeastward. However, the western periphery of Erin's large wind
    field will result in rather strong deep-layer northerly flow across
    the Outer Banks and vicinity. If modest diurnal heating can occur,
    then showers and possibly a few weak storms may develop during the
    afternoon, though it is uncertain if any such development would be
    sufficiently vigorous to support convectively augmented gusts.

    ...Parts of the Southeast/southern Appalachians...
    Scattered thunderstorms are forecast to develop across parts of the
    Southeast and southern Appalachians vicinity Thursday afternoon.
    Deep-layer shear will remain quite weak, but northerly low-midlevel
    flow may support one or more southward-moving clusters. Poor
    midlevel lapse rates will tend to limit updraft intensity, and the
    organized severe threat appears low, but localized tree damage could
    accompany these storms during the afternoon and early evening.

    ...Arizona...
    Thunderstorms are expected to develop Thursday afternoon and evening
    across parts of AZ, initially near the higher terrain. Isolated
    strong gusts could accompany these storms. With an amplified
    upper-level ridge anchored near the Four Corners, midlevel flow will
    generally be easterly across central/southern AZ. The easterly
    steering flow and a very hot and well-mixed environment could
    support a threat of strong outflow gusts into the lower elevations,
    though it is uncertain if storm coverage will be sufficient for
    larger-scale outflow development and more than very isolated
    damaging-wind potential.

    ..Dean.. 08/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Aug 20 16:57:04 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 201657
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 201655

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1155 AM CDT Wed Aug 20 2025

    Valid 211200Z - 221200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE DAKOTAS INTO MINNESOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    An isolated severe threat is expected to develop Thursday into
    Thursday night over parts of the Dakotas into Minnesota, with severe
    gusts and hail possible.

    ...Northern Plains into Minnesota...

    An upper shortwave trough/cyclone will deepen and develop east
    across the Canadian Prairies on Thursday. This will result in
    dampening of the upper ridge/height falls across the northern Plains
    vicinity. Early in the day, a weak shortwave impulse and remnant convection/cloud debris will move across portions of ND/MN.
    Meanwhile, a cold front will develop east/southeast across the
    Dakotas into northern MN through early Friday.

    A corridor of rich boundary layer moisture with dewpoints generally
    in the mid 60s to near 70 F will be in place ahead of the cold
    front. However, stronger forcing for ascent will not arrive until
    later in the evening/overnight. It is unclear how much diurnal
    convection may develop due to weaker forcing and capping. If a storm
    can form ahead of the front during the afternoon, a corridor of
    2000-3000 J/kg MLCAPE will be in place amid 30+ kt effective shear.
    Strong gusts and hail would be possible with cellular activity
    through early evening.

    More likely, convection will develop during the evening/nighttime
    hours across parts of the region. Initial storms may develop in the post-frontal upslope regime across eastern WY/western SD and develop
    east across SD overnight. It is unclear how intense these initial
    storms further west will be, and probabilities may need to be
    expanded westward in subsequent outlooks if confidence increases.
    Once storms interact with better moisture/instability further east,
    isolated severe gusts or marginal hail will be possible.

    ..Leitman.. 08/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Aug 21 06:00:38 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 210600
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 210558

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1258 AM CDT Thu Aug 21 2025

    Valid 221200Z - 231200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE CENTRAL/NORTHERN HIGH PLAINS INTO THE UPPER MIDWEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to locally severe thunderstorms are possible Friday from
    parts of the central and northern High Plains into the Upper
    Midwest.

    ...Northern/central High Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    A mid/upper-level cyclone and attendant surface low is forecast to
    move eastward across parts of MB and northwest ON Friday. An
    outflow-influenced surface boundary may drift southeastward across
    the central Plains into the Upper Midwest during the day, while a
    strong trailing cold front begins to move across the Dakotas and
    northern MN.

    The greatest relative confidence in diurnal storm development is
    within the post-frontal regime across parts of eastern WY/CO. Steep
    midlevel lapse rates, moderate buoyancy, and relatively elongated
    hodographs will support potential for strong to potential severe
    storm development, initially near the higher terrain. Isolated hail
    and locally gusty winds could accompany the strongest cells. While
    uncertain, there is some potential for storm clustering during the
    evening, which could result in some severe potential spreading into
    parts of western NE and perhaps northwest KS Friday night.

    Farther east, confidence is low regarding the details of convective
    evolution from central/eastern NE/SD into the Upper Midwest. In
    general, a zone of moderate buoyancy, with MLCAPE of 1000-2000 J/kg
    (locally higher), is expected to develop by afternoon near/north of
    the leading surface boundary, and ahead of the trailing cold front.
    Gradually strengthening midlevel flow is forecast to provide
    modestly favorable effective shear (25-35 kt).

    There may be some potential for early-day convection to intensify as
    it moves through a destabilizing environment during the afternoon.
    Otherwise, isolated to widely scattered storm development will be
    possible during the afternoon/evening within the zone of favorable moisture/instability, with a threat of locally damaging gusts and
    isolated hail.

    ...Arizona...
    Similar to D1/Thursday, scattered storm development will be possible
    Friday afternoon across higher terrain areas of AZ, with easterly
    flow potentially steering storms (or at least their remnant
    outflows) into the lower deserts with time. Isolated damaging wind
    cannot be ruled out with this activity, given the presence of a hot
    and well-mixed environment, though it remains uncertain if more
    substantial storm clustering and outflow consolidation will evolve
    during the evening.

    ..Dean.. 08/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Aug 21 17:11:40 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 211711
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 211709

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1209 PM CDT Thu Aug 21 2025

    Valid 221200Z - 231200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE NORTHERN/CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS TO THE UPPER MIDWEST...AND OVER
    SOUTHWEST AZ AND FAR SOUTHEAST CA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to locally severe thunderstorms are possible Friday from
    parts of the central and northern High Plains into the Upper
    Midwest, and across southwest Arizona into far southeast California.

    ...Northern/Central High Plains to Upper Midwest...

    An upper cyclone centered over Manitoba Friday morning and its
    attendant shortwave trough extending into the northern Plains will
    develop southeast into Ontario and Upper Midwest through early
    Saturday. At the surface, a trailing cold front will spread
    east/southeast across the region, extending from northeast MN into
    southwest NE/northeast CO by 00z, before continuing on to portions
    of the U.P. of MI to southwest KS/southeast CO by Saturday morning.

    Ahead of the front, seasonal boundary layer moisture will be in
    place, and pockets of weak to moderate destabilization are forecast.
    However, lapse rates are generally expected to remain modest across
    the Upper Midwest, which may limit updraft intensity somewhat.
    Additionally, remnant convection from the Day 1/Thu period may be
    ongoing across parts of MN at the beginning of the period. The
    extent of this activity and associated cloud cover may temper
    stronger heating/destabilization as well. Nevertheless, as
    large-scale ascent increasing with the approach of the upper trough
    and along the surface cold front, isolated strong to severe storms
    may develop during the afternoon and evening, posing a risk for
    strong gusts and marginal hail.

    Further southwest into the High Plains, the post-frontal upslope
    flow regime will likely result in isolated thunderstorm development
    across parts of western WY/CO, with convection spreading into parts
    of SD/NE. Steeper lapse rates and a deeper, mixed boundary layer may
    support strong/severe gusts and isolated hail.

    ...Southwest AZ into far southeast CA...

    A surge of monsoonal moisture is expected over the region on Friday
    amid steep lapse rates and hot boundary layer conditions. This
    should support modest destabilization, with strong DCAPE near 1500
    J/kg noted in forecast soundings. Around 20-35 kt east/northeast
    mid/upper flow atop weak westerly low-level winds will foster around
    30-40 kt effective shear magnitudes. Initial thunderstorm activity
    is expected to develop over higher terrain. Most CAMs guidance and
    HREF calibrated/ML guidance suggest sufficient clustering and
    surging outflow will move east/southeast across southwest AZ/far
    southeast CA. Given the deeply mixed boundary layer/steep lapse
    rates, have introduced a Marginal risk (level 1 of 5) for severe
    wind gust potential across the lower deserts/Lower CO Valley
    vicinity.

    ..Leitman.. 08/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Aug 22 05:58:43 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 220558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 220557

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1257 AM CDT Fri Aug 22 2025

    Valid 231200Z - 241200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The potential for severe storms is low across the continental U.S.
    for Saturday or Saturday night.

    ...DISCUSSION...
    A mid-level shortwave trough will move eastward through the western
    Great Lakes on Saturday, as a cold front advances southeastward
    across the mid Mississippi Valley and central Plains. As surface
    temperatures warm during the day, isolated thunderstorm development
    will be possible near the front. Instability is expected to remain
    weak along and ahead of the front, which should keep any severe
    potential low. Elsewhere across the continental U.S., no severe
    threat is expected.

    ..Broyles.. 08/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Aug 22 16:34:15 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 221634
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 221632

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1132 AM CDT Fri Aug 22 2025

    Valid 231200Z - 241200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The potential for severe storms is low across the continental U.S.
    for Saturday.

    ...Synopsis...

    An upper trough will deepen over the Great Lakes and Midwest,
    enveloping much of the eastern half of the U.S. on Saturday.
    Meanwhile, an amplified upper ridge will persist across the West. At
    the surface, a cold front will extend from Upper MI into northeast
    NM Saturday morning, and sweep east/southeast through the period
    across much of the MS/OH Valleys into the southern Plains.

    A seasonally moist airmass ahead of the front will result in a
    narrow corridor of modest destabilization across Lower MI into the
    Mid-MS Valley, and westward across parts of KS/OK and the
    central/southern High Plains. Isolated to widely scattered
    thunderstorms may develop near the cold front, or in the
    post-frontal upslope regime across the central High Plains. Modest
    midlevel lapse rates are forecast amid MLCAPE around 1000 J/kg. Poor convergence along the front and weak large-scale ascent with south
    and westward extent should limit storm coverage. Overall, severe
    potential appears low.

    ..Leitman.. 08/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Aug 23 06:07:20 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 230607
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 230605

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0105 AM CDT Sat Aug 23 2025

    Valid 241200Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms are possible across eastern
    Colorado into western Kansas Sunday afternoon and evening.

    ...Eastern Colorado/Western Kansas...
    A mid-level large-scale trough will dig southeastward into the
    eastern U.S. on Sunday, as northwesterly flow remains over much of
    the central and northern U.S. At the surface, an area of high
    pressure will move southward across the Great Plains. A slow-moving
    front will remain in place in eastern Colorado along the western
    periphery of the surface high. Elevated thunderstorms are expected
    to develop well to the east of the boundary across parts of western
    Kansas Sunday morning. Closer to the boundary itself, moderate
    instability is forecast to develop during the day across the eastern
    third of Colorado. As surface heating takes place and as low-level
    convergence increases near the boundary, scattered surface-based
    convection initiation is expected during the afternoon. This
    convection is forecast to increase in coverage during the late
    afternoon, being supported by large-scale ascent associated with a
    subtle shortwave trough moving through the central Plains. The
    storms are expected to move southeastward across eastern Colorado
    into southwest Kansas, with a few storms continuing into the early
    to mid evening. NAM forecast soundings in the vicinity of the
    instability axis around 21Z have MLCAPE near 2500 J/kg, with 0-6 km
    shear around 40 knots. This combined with 700-500 mb lapse rates of
    7 to 7.5 C/km may be enough for isolated severe storms. A potential
    will exist for a supercell or two. Hail and marginally severe wind
    gusts will be the primary threats.

    ..Broyles.. 08/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Aug 23 06:17:18 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 230617
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 230615

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0115 AM CDT Sat Aug 23 2025

    Valid 241200Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms are possible across eastern
    Colorado into western Kansas Sunday afternoon and evening.

    ...Eastern Colorado/Western Kansas...
    A mid-level large-scale trough will dig southeastward into the
    eastern U.S. on Sunday, as northwesterly flow remains over much of
    the central and northern U.S. At the surface, an area of high
    pressure will move southward across the Great Plains. A slow-moving
    front will remain in place in eastern Colorado along the western
    periphery of the surface high. Elevated thunderstorms are expected
    to develop well to the east of the boundary across parts of western
    Kansas Sunday morning. Closer to the boundary itself, moderate
    instability is forecast to develop during the day across the eastern
    third of Colorado. As surface heating takes place and as low-level
    convergence increases near the boundary, scattered surface-based
    convection initiation is expected during the afternoon. This
    convection is forecast to increase in coverage during the late
    afternoon, being supported by large-scale ascent associated with a
    subtle shortwave trough moving through the central Plains. The
    storms are expected to move southeastward across eastern Colorado
    into southwest Kansas, with a few storms continuing into the early
    to mid evening. NAM forecast soundings in the vicinity of the
    instability axis around 21Z have MLCAPE near 2500 J/kg, with 0-6 km
    shear around 40 knots. This combined with 700-500 mb lapse rates of
    7 to 7.5 C/km may be enough for isolated severe storms. A potential
    will exist for a supercell or two. Hail and marginally severe wind
    gusts will be the primary threats.

    ..Broyles.. 08/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Aug 23 17:32:22 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 231732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 231730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Sat Aug 23 2025

    Valid 241200Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER EASTERN
    COLORADO AND WESTERN KANSAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few storms may reach severe thresholds from eastern Colorado into
    western Kansas Sunday afternoon and evening with hail or wind
    potential. General thunderstorms will also be concentrated along a
    cold front from parts of New York across Pennsylvania and into
    northern Virginia.

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper low will remain over James Bay on Sunday, with an expansive
    upper trough/area of cyclonic flow from the northern Plains across
    the Great Lakes and into the Northeast. At the surface, high
    pressure will spread southeastward across the Plains and Midwest,
    with a cold front roughly from western NY into KY and AR by late
    afternoon. This boundary will also extend northwestward across OK
    and into western KS, where it will decelerate during the day.

    ...Eastern CO into western KS...
    A zone of stronger instability with MUCAPE to around 2000 J/kg is
    forecast in the moist east/northeast surface wind regime. Low
    pressure will also develop over southeast CO during the afternoon
    coincident with strong heating and steep low-level lapse rates south
    of the main front/wind shift. All this will occur beneath 25-30 kt
    midlevel northwesterlies, which will elongate hodographs.

    Early elevated storms are likely to be ongoing Sunday morning from
    southwest NE into western KS within a warm advection regime atop the
    front. It is questionable whether any of this activity would contain
    hail after 12Z Sunday. However, a weakening trend is likely during
    the day.

    Heating west of this area and extending to the Front Range will lead
    to destabilization, and initial thunderstorms are likely over the
    mountains after 20Z. As the more unstable air mass becomes uncapped
    over the lower plains, a few storms may attain severe levels
    producing hail, and perhaps locally strong gusts. It is unclear how
    much coverage will occur especially extending farther east into KS,
    but conditionally the environment will continue to support at least
    a low-end severe risk.

    Farther south into the OK/TX Panhandles, a few southeastward-moving
    cells may develop as well, but lapse rates aloft will be poor.

    ...Parts of central NY into PA...
    A narrow band of around 1000-1500 J/kg MUCAPE is forecast to develop
    ahead of the cold front, with lift along the front supporting
    scattered afternoon storms. Modest deep-layer shear around 40 kt and
    primarily straight-line hodographs should yield mainly cellular
    storm mode. Given this, a relatively shallow/cool boundary, and weak
    flow below 700 mb, the overall wind threat appears low. While shear
    will support cellular mode, relatively poor midlevel lapse rates
    suggest storms may be capable of only small/sub-severe hail.

    ..Jewell.. 08/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Aug 24 05:34:56 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 240534
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 240533

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1233 AM CDT Sun Aug 24 2025

    Valid 251200Z - 261200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The potential for severe storms is low across the continental U.S.
    on Monday and Monday night.

    ...DISCUSSION...
    A large-scale cyclonic flow pattern will be in place across much of
    the eastern two-thirds of the U.S. on Monday. At the surface, a
    large area of high pressure will remain in place from the Great
    Plains eastward to the Appalachians. Along this southern periphery
    of this airmass, post-frontal storms will be possible across parts
    of the central High Plains and southern Plains Monday afternoon.
    Within this airmass, any instability that develops is forecast to
    remain weak, suggesting that the potential for severe storms is low.
    Elsewhere across the continental U.S., a severe threat is not
    expected Monday and Monday night.

    ..Broyles.. 08/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Aug 24 17:08:30 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 241708
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 241706

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1206 PM CDT Sun Aug 24 2025

    Valid 251200Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER FAR
    SOUTH-CENTRAL ARIZONA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe gusts cannot be ruled out over a small part of
    south-central Arizona Monday afternoon. Otherwise, potential for
    severe storms is low across the remainder of the continental U.S.

    ...Synopsis...
    A large upper trough will be situated over eastern Canada and across
    much of the central and eastern states on Monday, with a relative
    ridge over the Rockies. At the surface, high pressure will result in
    mostly stable conditions from the northern and central Plains toward
    the Gulf Coast and Mid Atlantic, but residual instability may remain
    over New England and across south TX and FL. Southerly winds over
    the southern Plains may also interact with a southward-moving cold
    front, with general thunderstorms from OK into parts of northwest
    TX.

    ...Southern AZ...
    With the upper high centered over NM, southeasterly midlevel winds
    will exist over AZ, on the order of 20-25 kt. Meanwhile, light
    westerly winds will exist within the deepening boundary layer as
    heating occurs. Low to mid level moisture will already be in place,
    and 1000-1500 J/kg MUCAPE appear likely by late afternoon.

    Storms are expected to form over eastern Santa Cruz County (and
    perhaps isolated development into eastern Pima County), with
    steering currents and propagation yielding west/northwest motions.
    With time, aggregate outflow may produce strong to perhaps severe
    gusts on the local level as activity moves into the diurnally primed
    air mass, with gusty winds possible through early evening.

    ..Jewell.. 08/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Aug 25 05:42:03 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 250541
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 250540

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1240 AM CDT Mon Aug 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms are not expected across the continental U.S. on
    Tuesday or Tuesday night.

    ...DISCUSSION...
    At mid-levels, a large-scale trough will move across the eastern
    U.S. on Tuesday, as northwesterly flow remains over much of the
    central states. At the surface, a large area of high pressure will
    be anchored over much of the eastern two-thirds of the nation.
    Within this post-frontal airmass, surface dewpoints are expected to
    be in the 60s over much of Texas and Louisiana. During the day as
    surface temperatures warm, thunderstorms will be possible over parts
    of the southern Plains and Gulf Coast states. Thunderstorms will
    also be possible over parts of the southern and central Rockies. In
    these areas, instability is forecast to remain very weak, suggesting
    the severe potential will be limited.

    ..Broyles.. 08/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Aug 25 17:27:09 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 251727
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 251725

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1225 PM CDT Mon Aug 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms are not expected across the continental U.S. on
    Tuesday.

    ...Synopsis...
    High pressure will result in cool and/or stable conditions over much
    of the central and eastern CONUS with the primary upper trough
    moving to the East Coast by Wednesday morning. Behind this upper
    trough, a weakening upper ridge will extend from the central Rockies
    southward towards the Rio Grande Valley.

    West of this ridge, lower heights with pockets of cooler midlevel
    temperatures will exist over much of the Intermountain West, which
    will continue to aid scattered general thunderstorm activity. While
    gusty winds may occur with afternoon activity coincident with peak
    heating and due to steep boundary layer lapse rates, severe storm
    potential appears minimal on the large scale.

    ..Jewell.. 08/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Aug 26 05:56:08 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 260556
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 260554

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1254 AM CDT Tue Aug 26 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The potential for severe storms appears to be low across the
    continental U.S. tomorrow (Wednesday). A few stronger storms are
    possible across parts of the Upper Midwest and Colorado Front Range.

    ...Synopsis...
    Broad upper troughing will persist across the eastern U.S., with an
    embedded impulse ejecting into the Atlantic as a second impulse
    impinges on the Great Lakes. An upper ridge will persist over the
    Southwest while a weak mid-level cut-off low meanders across the
    Pacific Northwest. A surface high will become established east of
    the MS River, with low-level moisture poised to pivot around the
    surface high and advect northward across the Plains into the Great
    Lakes region, with scattered thunderstorms expected. Scattered
    thunderstorms will also be possible across portions of the High
    Plains during the afternoon given lee surface troughing, with
    elevated thunderstorms continuing into the central Plains overnight
    within a warm-air advection regime. The best chance for any strong
    storms would be over portions of the Colorado Front Range and the
    Upper Midwest, where an overlap of marginally favorable shear and
    instability may exist.

    ...Parts of the Upper Midwest...
    The second impulse pivoting around the broader upper trough over the
    Great Lakes will promote an organized round of thunderstorms within
    a deep-layer northwesterly flow regime. Modest mid-level lapse rates
    will overspread low 60s F dewpoints, resulting in up to 1200 J/kg of
    thin MLCAPE across extreme eastern SD toward the MN/IA border.
    Modest veering flow with height will encourage 25-35 kts of
    effective bulk shear as well. As such, a few strong storms with
    sub-severe wind and hail are possible around afternoon peak heating.

    ...Colorado Front Range...
    Upslope low-level flow across the central High Plains will support
    60+ f surface dewpoints to advect northwestward toward the Colorado
    Front Range. Here, increasing westerly flow with height will support
    some speed shear, evident in forecast soundings as relatively
    straight hodographs. Lapse rates are expected to be poor (i.e.
    around 6.5 C/km), with MLCAPE peaking around 1000 J/kg via thin
    profiles. A few of the stronger storms may produce some wind and
    hail, but these hazards are currently expected to remain generally
    below severe limits.

    ..Squitieri.. 08/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Aug 26 16:59:42 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 261659
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 261658

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1158 AM CDT Tue Aug 26 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The potential for severe storms appears to be low across the
    continental U.S. tomorrow (Wednesday), though a few stronger storms
    are possible across parts of the Upper Midwest and Colorado Front
    Range where locally gusty winds and small hail are possible.

    ...SD/MN/IA Vicinity...

    A broad upper trough will be in place from the Upper Midwest to the
    Northeast and Mid-Atlantic, resulting in a persistent mid/upper
    northwest flow regime across the region. Forecast guidance suggests
    a weak shortwave impulse will move across the eastern Dakotas and
    MN/IA during the morning/early afternoon. Meanwhile, a weak front
    will develop southward, extending generally west to east across
    eastern SD into southern MN by peak heating. Weak southerly
    low-level flow will promote shallow boundary layer moisture, with
    surface dewpoints in the upper 50s to low 60s along/ahead of the
    surface boundary. Midlevel lapse rates are expected to remain
    modest, but weak instability (around 500-1000 J/kg MLCAPE) is
    forecast. Some early-day showers and clouds may linger, but isolated thunderstorms will likely develop during mid to late afternoon near
    the surface boundary from far eastern SD into southern MN.

    Vertically veering wind profiles, with strengthening northwest flow
    through the mid/upper levels will support effective shear magnitudes
    in the 25-35 kt range. Forecast hodographs also appear
    elongated/straight. While 500 mb temperatures are forecast in the
    -10 to -12 C range, some warming around 700 mb is apparent in some
    forecast soundings. While an organized storm or two may become
    strong within a favorable shear parameter space, it is uncertain if
    robust updrafts will be maintained given marginal thermodynamics and
    some contamination to the environment from early-day activity. An
    isolated strong gust or small hail may be possible with the
    strongest storms for a couple hours during the late afternoon or
    early evening, but overall severe potential looks limited at this
    time.

    ...Central High Plains...

    South to southeasterly low-level flow will transport mid 50s to low
    60s F dewpoints northwest across the central High Plains beneath
    modest upper ridging over the western U.S. Daytime heating and a
    developing lee-trough will provide focus for thunderstorm
    development by late afternoon along the CO/southeast WY Front Range.
    Midlevel lapse rates are forecast to remain weak, but sufficient for
    MLCAPE in the 500-1200 J/kg range. Modestly increasing westerly
    mid/upper flow will support 20-30 kt effective shear magnitudes and
    somewhat elongated hodographs. A couple of strong storms capable of
    sub-severe wind gusts and hail will be possible as convection
    develops east/southeast into the eastern CO and western KS vicinity
    through the evening. Overall, severe potential appears limited at
    this time given the modest thermodynamic and kinematic environment.

    ..Leitman.. 08/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Aug 27 05:54:15 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 270554
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 270552

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1252 AM CDT Wed Aug 27 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF THE
    SOUTHERN PLAINS INTO THE ARKLATEX...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong thunderstorms, with an isolated severe wind and hail threat,
    are possible across parts of the southern Plains into the Arklatex
    tomorrow (Thursday) afternoon and evening.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will amplify along the East Coast as an upper
    ridge builds across the southern High Plains tomorrow (Thursday). A
    mid-level impulse will rotate around the upper trough and traverse
    the southern Plains/Southeast through the period, encouraging the
    southward sagging of a surface cold front. Multiple rounds of
    thunderstorms are likely across portions of the southern Plains into
    the Arklatex ahead of this front. The best chance for stronger
    thunderstorms will be during the afternoon, where storms will
    benefit from an optimal combination of modest buoyancy and vertical
    wind shear.

    ...Southern High Plains into the Arklatex...
    An MCS will likely be ongoing at the start of the period somewhere
    along the eastern fringes of the southern Plains. An outflow
    boundary is expected to sag southward, in tandem with or just ahead
    of the aforementioned cold front, acting as a source of lift to
    rejuvenate thunderstorm activity with afternoon heating. Surface
    temperatures will warm into the 90s F amid upper 60s to 70 F surface
    dewpoints, yielding over 2000 J/kg MLCAPE. Southwesterly surface
    winds, veering to northwesterly while strengthening with height,
    will support 25-35 kts of effective bulk shear. Any storms that
    redevelop along the aforementioned outflow boundary in this
    environment could become strong, from central OK to the AR/LA
    border. A few of the more intense storms may be accompanied by an
    isolated severe wind/hail threat, warranting the introduction of
    Category 1/Marginal risk probabilities.

    ..Squitieri.. 08/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Aug 27 17:05:50 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 271705
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 271704

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1204 PM CDT Wed Aug 27 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS SOUTHERN OKLAHOMA...NORTH TEXAS...SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS...AND NORTHWEST
    LOUISIANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong thunderstorms, with an isolated severe wind threat, are
    possible across parts of the southern Plains into the Arklatex
    Thursday afternoon and evening.

    ...Southern Plains to the ArkLaTex...

    A convectively enhanced vorticity max/shortwave impulse is expected
    to migrate through northwesterly flow aloft from eastern KS/OK to MS
    on Thursday. An MCS is likely to be ongoing across parts of eastern
    KS/OK at the beginning of the forecast period, and track southeast
    along a stationary boundary/quasi-warm front oriented from eastern
    OK into southern AR. Meanwhile, a weak surface low will be located
    over southwest OK/northwest TX, and a cold front will develop
    southward across the southern High Plains and toward the Red River.
    Outflow from the morning MCS and the cold front may eventually merge
    across eastern OK and the ArkLaTex, and westward near the Red River
    vicinity. Ahead of this boundary, a very most airmass with dewpoints
    in the mid 60s to near 70 F will be in place amid strong heating
    into the 90s.

    Midlevel lapse rates are forecast to remain weak. Nevertheless, rich
    boundary layer moisture will foster MLCAPE values maxing out near
    2000 J/kg. Redevelopment or re-invigoration of the morning MCS may
    occur within this thermodynamic environment, aided by vertically
    veering wind profiles and 25-35 kt effective shear magnitudes. While large-scale ascent will be weaker with westward extent as the
    shortwave impulse departs eastward toward the Lower MS Valley, a
    deeply mixed boundary layer is evident in forecast soundings. This
    could support strong downdrafts with any storms developing further
    west along the cold front across southwest OK/north TX. Strong wind
    gusts will be the main hazard with thunderstorm activity Thursday
    afternoon into early evening.

    ..Leitman.. 08/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Aug 28 05:51:23 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 280551
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 280549

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1249 AM CDT Thu Aug 28 2025

    Valid 291200Z - 301200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF THE
    SABINE RIVER VALLEY AND THE SOUTHERN INTO CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe storms are possible across southeast Texas
    into southwest Louisiana, and over parts of the central/southern
    High Plains tomorrow (Friday).

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper trough will meander over New England while upper ridging
    prevails across the western and central U.S. tomorrow (Friday).
    Surface high pressure will dominate the MS/OH Valley regions while a
    lee surface trough encourages moisture return across the western
    Gulf Coastal region into the southern and central High Plains.
    Multiple weak mid-level perturbations will traverse the upper ridge,
    serving as foci for thunderstorm development during the afternoon.
    Given a combination of at least marginal overlapping shear and
    instability over the High Plains to the Sabine River Valley, a
    couple of thunderstorms may approach severe limits.

    ...Sabine River Valley...
    Multicellular convection, perhaps in the form of an MCS, will be
    ongoing at the start of the period, and likely weakening through the
    morning hours. This convection will leave behind an outflow boundary
    that will serve as the impetus for renewed convective development as
    the boundary layer warms during the afternoon. Surface temperatures
    will warm into the upper 80s F amid low 70s F dewpoints, yielding
    over 2000 J/kg MLCAPE. Deep-layer shear will not be particularly
    strong, with modest veering profiles contributing to 25 kts of
    effective bulk shear. Multicells will redevelop off of the outflow
    boundary, and will pose a risk for a couple of severe gusts by
    afternoon peak heating.

    ...Central and Southern High Plains...
    A mid-level impulse will traverse the central Rockies by afternoon
    peak heating, aiding in the development of scattered thunderstorms,
    which will move off of the higher terrain over eastern CO/northeast
    NM. These storms will mature in an environment characterized by
    modest mid-level lapse rates and deep-layer shear, especially as
    they approach the CO/NE/KS border by afternoon peak heating. MLCAPE
    may exceed 2000 J/kg amid elongated hodographs and 35 kts of
    effective bulk shear. Both multicells and occasional supercells will
    be the primary storm modes, accompanied by threats for isolated
    severe wind and hail.

    ..Squitieri.. 08/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Aug 28 17:11:54 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 281711
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 281710

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1210 PM CDT Thu Aug 28 2025

    Valid 291200Z - 301200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS SOUTHEAST
    TEXAS INTO SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA...AND ACROSS PORTIONS OF THE
    CENTRAL/SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe storms are possible across southeast Texas
    into southwest Louisiana, and over parts of the central/southern
    High Plains on Friday.

    ...Sabine Valley vicinity...

    An MCS will likely be ongoing Friday morning in the vicinity of a
    stationary boundary/quasi-warm front oriented from the ArkLaTex
    toward the central Gulf Coast. Ahead of this activity and associated
    outflow, a narrow corridor of heating into the mid 80s to near 90 F
    amid 70s F dewpoints will result in MLCAPE in the 2000-3000 J/kg
    range. Vertical shear is forecast to remain weak, but up to 25 kt
    effective shear magnitudes could support organized/robust multi-cell thunderstorm activity along the surface boundary during the
    afternoon/early evening. This activity could produce strong to
    locally damaging wind gusts.

    ...Central/Southern High Plains...

    An upper shortwave impulse is forecast to track across the central
    Rockies into the central Plains on Friday afternoon/evening. This
    will support modestly enhanced west/northwest mid/upper flow. While
    0-3 km flow will be light, vertically veering wind profiles will
    foster 25-35 kt effective shear magnitudes. Thunderstorms are
    expected to develop over higher terrain, and near a surface low over
    western NE, during the afternoon. A mix of supercells and
    multi-cells will develop east/southeast into modest boundary-layer
    moisture where midlevel lapse rates near 7 C/km will support MLCAPE
    up to 2000 J/kg. Isolated large hail and sporadic strong/severe wind
    gusts will be possible into early evening.

    ..Leitman.. 08/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Aug 29 06:00:29 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 290600
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 290558

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1258 AM CDT Fri Aug 29 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 311200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong storms are possible across the southern and central
    Plains tomorrow (Saturday).

    ...Synopsis...
    Mid-level troughs will meander along the East and West Coasts while
    an upper ridge builds over the Interior West and a small mid-level
    trough traverses the Plains tomorrow (Saturday). While surface high
    pressure and associated stable conditions will overspread the MS
    Valley and much of the Interior West, surface lee troughing will
    support low-level moisture over the Plains states, along with
    thunderstorm chances.

    ...High Plains into the southern and central Plains...
    Deep-layer ascent from a glancing low-amplitude mid-level
    perturbation, along with afternoon peak heating, will encourage
    scattered thunderstorm development across the central/southern
    Plains states. Both non-convection-allowing and convection-allowing
    guidance members show multiple thunderstorm clusters organizing from
    eastern CO into western TX, OK and KS during the late afternoon to
    early overnight hours. These storms will benefit from modest lapse
    rates atop mid 60s F surface dewpoints, yielding 1000-2000 J/kg
    MLCAPE. Forecast soundings show gradual veering winds with height,
    contributing to modestly curved/elongated hodographs. As such,
    transient supercells and multicellular clusters will be the main
    storm modes, with some clusters potentially organizing into one or
    more MCSs overnight. The current thinking is that sub-severe
    wind/hail will occur with the stronger storms. While a couple
    instances of severe wind/hail are possible, low confidence in a more
    precise location of severe hazards precludes the introduction of
    probabilities at this time.

    ..Squitieri.. 08/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Aug 29 17:12:33 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 291712
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 291711

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1211 PM CDT Fri Aug 29 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 311200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong storms are possible across the southern and central
    Plains tomorrow (Saturday).

    ...Central/Southern High Plains/Great Plains vicinity...

    An upper ridge will be centered over the southern/central Rockies on
    Saturday. A weak shortwave impulse is forecast to top the ridge and
    move across the High Plains into the southern Plains during the
    afternoon and evening. This will result in modestly increasing
    mid/upper level west/northwesterly flow atop weak low-level winds,
    resulting in around 25-35 kt effective shear magnitudes.

    Latest forecast guidance indicates a weak surface low over NE and
    another weak low over the TX/OK Panhandles by late afternoon. A cold
    front will extend from central NE into western KS and then northeast
    NM. Ahead of the front and surface lows, south/southeasterly
    low-level flow will maintain 60s F dewpoints beneath modestly steep
    midlevel lapse rates. Where stronger heating occurs, 1000-2000 J/kg
    MLCAPE values will be possible. Scattered thunderstorms are expected
    to develop during the afternoon from central NE/KS southwestward
    into western OK/TX and eastern NM. Given the overall marginal
    thermodynamic and kinematic space, transient supercells and
    multi-cell clusters will be possible, with gusty winds and
    sub-severe hail most probable in stronger convection. Strong storms
    may be most likely across parts of eastern NM into western TX where
    stronger heating is expected. With time, clustering may result in
    some upscale growth into a forward propagating MCS during the
    evening/nighttime hours. However, severe potential still appears limited/uncertain, precluding probabilities.

    ..Leitman.. 08/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Aug 30 05:50:36 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 300550
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 300548

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1248 AM CDT Sat Aug 30 2025

    Valid 311200Z - 011200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A couple of strong storms cannot be ruled out in the southern Plains
    tomorrow (Sunday).

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will eject into the Atlantic while an upper ridge
    builds over the Interior West tomorrow (Sunday). A northwesterly
    mid-level flow regime will become established across the central
    U.S., atop surface lee troughing, which will encourage continued
    low-level moisture advection across the Plains. A mid-level impulse
    will traverse the central Plains during the day, serving as a
    lifting source, in addition to afternoon heating, to support at
    least scattered thunderstorm development across the central and
    southern Plains. 5.5-6.6 C/km mid-level lapse rates will support
    meager instability amid modest vertical wind shear. The stronger
    storms across the central and southern Plains may be accompanied by
    a sub-severe wind/hail threat, with the chances of severe appearing
    too low to warrant the addition of probabilities this outlook.

    ..Squitieri.. 08/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Aug 30 17:12:37 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 301712
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 301710

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1210 PM CDT Sat Aug 30 2025

    Valid 311200Z - 011200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe potential is low, though a couple of strong storms cannot be
    ruled out in the southern Plains or Northwest Sunday.

    ...Synopsis...
    Across much of the US, broad northwesterly flow aloft will continue
    as a large upper trough persists over the eastern CONUS. To the
    west, mid-level ridging will continue to build over the Rockies,
    allowing stronger northwesterly flow to develop over the central
    portions of the country. Embedded within the modest flow aloft, a
    weak vort max will move from the Rockies over the central/southern
    Plains. A diffuse surface front will accompany this feature, serving
    as a focus for scattered showers and thunderstorms Sunday
    afternoon/evening.

    ...Plains...
    Ahead of the weak vort max and cold front, seasonably high surface
    moisture will be in place over the Plains and Gulf Coast. Remnant
    shower and thunderstorm activity should be ongoing at the start of
    the period, likely limiting diurnal heating through the day. The
    poor lapse rates and remnant cloud cover will favor only modest destabilization. Still, scattered storms should form and cluster
    ahead of the front. A couple of strong storms with sub-severe wind
    and hail cannot be ruled out. However, with vertical shear largely
    sub 30 kt, the threat for organized severe thunderstorms appears
    low.

    ...Northern Cascades...
    West of the strong ridge, a weak upper low will meander off the
    Northwest Coast. Weak ascent form this feature, and heating of the
    air mass across central WA State could allow for isolated
    thunderstorms late Sunday into early D3/Monday. However, strong
    capping and the weak ascent casts some doubt on storm coverage.
    Should storms form, a stray gust or two cannot be ruled out owing to
    steep low-level lapse rates.

    ..Lyons.. 08/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Aug 31 05:50:40 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 310550
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 310549

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1249 AM CDT Sun Aug 31 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe potential is low for tomorrow (Monday).

    ...Synopsis...
    Broad cyclonic upper flow over the eastern U.S., with upper ridging
    west of the Rockies, will encourage a mid-level northwesterly flow
    regime across the Plains. Surface high pressure will dominate east
    of the MS River to the Atlantic Seaboard, and over the Rockies.
    However, an axis of low-level moisture will remain in place across
    the Plains, where daytime surface heating will support isolated to
    scattered thunderstorm development. Lapse rates should generally
    remain around or under 6.5 C/km, contributing to tall and thin
    MLCAPE profiles generally within the 500-1500 J/kg range.
    Thunderstorm updrafts should not be overly intense. However, speed
    shear, driven by the stronger northwesterly mid-level flow, will
    result in modestly elongated hodographs, with over 35 kts of
    effective bulk shear in spots. A few storms may become organized
    multicells, likely accompanied by sub-severe wind and hail. However,
    a couple storms could produce marginally severe gusts if stronger
    buoyancy is realized. Severe probabilities have been withheld this
    outlook, but may need to be introduced in subsequent outlooks if
    instability is greater than currently forecast.

    ..Squitieri.. 08/31/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Aug 31 17:32:15 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 311732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 311730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Sun Aug 31 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe potential appears relatively low on Monday, though a few
    strong storms will be possible across parts of Kansas and Oklahoma,
    the northern Plains, and parts of Arizona.

    ...Parts of KS/OK...
    A mid/upper-level trough is forecast to move southeastward across
    east-central portions of the Plains on Monday. To the immediate west
    of this shortwave trough, moderate midlevel northwesterly flow will
    overspread parts of central/western KS/OK during the afternoon and
    evening. Guidance varies somewhat regarding the magnitude of heating
    and destabilization, but some heating of a relatively moist boundary
    later will likely result in MLCAPE increasing into the 500-1500 J/kg
    range across parts of the region. Effective shear within the
    northwest-flow regime will be sufficient for storm organization
    (generally in the 25-40 kt range), but weak midlevel lapse rates and
    uncertain forcing for ascent within the most favorable shear region
    result in uncertainty regarding storm coverage and intensity. Severe probabilities may be needed if confidence increases regarding
    development of sufficient instability and robust diurnal storms.

    ...North Dakota and vicinity...
    Scattered storms are expected during the afternoon and evening
    across parts of ND and potentially northwest MN, within a moderately
    unstable and weakly capped environment. Deep-layer shear will be
    modest at best within a weak northwesterly flow regime, but a few
    strong storms cannot be ruled out. If trends support somewhat
    stronger shear or instability compared to current forecasts, then
    severe probabilities may eventually be needed.

    ...Arizona...
    At least widely scattered storm development is expected across parts
    of AZ (mainly near the higher terrain) during the afternoon, as
    modest moistening occurs across the region. Guidance varies
    regarding storm coverage, but weak midlevel easterly flow could
    support storms (or at least their remnant outflows) spreading into
    the lower deserts by evening, accompanied by gusty winds.

    ..Dean.. 08/31/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 1 05:52:56 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 010551
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 010550

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1250 AM CDT Mon Sep 01 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE NORTHERN PLAINS INTO THE UPPER MIDWEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible across parts of the
    northern Plains into the Upper Midwest tomorrow (Tuesday).

    ...Synopsis...
    Broad cyclonic mid-level flow will persist along the Eastern
    Seaboard while upper ridging continues west of the Rockies, with the
    central U.S. placed under a northwesterly upper-flow regime tomorrow
    (Tuesday). A large and pronounced embedded mid-level shortwave will
    quickly translate southeastward from Canada and overspread the Upper
    MS Valley through the day, encouraging a surface cold front to surge
    southward across the northern Plains and Upper Midwest.
    Thunderstorms will develop ahead of the cold front, a few of which
    may be severe.

    ...Northern Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Preceding the cold front will be a warm and seasonally moist
    airmass, overspread by 6.5-7.5 C/km mid-level lapse rates, yielding
    MLCAPE peaking in the 1500-2000 J/kg range by afternoon.
    Strengthening northwest flow with height will also yield modestly
    curved and elongated hodographs and 35+ kts of speed/effective bulk
    shear. These conditions will favor the development of multicells and
    perhaps a transient supercell with the stronger updrafts that manage
    to form ahead of the cold front. Isolated severe gusts or instances
    of hail are plausible, warranting the introduction of Category
    1/Marginal risk severe probabilities this outlook.

    ..Squitieri.. 09/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 1 17:30:51 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 011730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 011729

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1229 PM CDT Mon Sep 01 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS TUESDAY
    AFTERNOON AND EVENING ACROSS PARTS OF SOUTHEASTERN NORTH
    DAKOTA...EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA...SOUTHWESTERN INTO CENTRAL
    MINNESOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered to scattered strong thunderstorm development is
    possible across parts of the eastern Dakotas into Minnesota, as well
    as portions of the Southwest into Great Basin, late Tuesday
    afternoon and evening. The risk for severe weather still appears
    generally low, but a couple of storms could produce marginally
    severe hail and localized strong surface gusts.

    ...Discussion...
    In the mean, models indicate that mid/upper heights will remain
    relatively high across much of the eastern Pacific into western
    North America. However, an embedded blocking high across the
    northeastern Pacific is forecast to become at least a bit less
    prominent, and lower heights to its southeast and south may
    consolidate. This latter regime includes a notable low, which may
    undergo deepening while retrograding offshore of the Pacific
    Northwest coast Tuesday through Tuesday night. At the same time, a
    couple of weaker perturbations appear likely to slowly shift north-northeastward, inland of California and northern Baja
    California coastal areas.

    Downstream of this regime, large-scale mid/upper troughing will be
    maintained to the east of the Rockies, as far south as the Gulf
    Basin, and reinforced by a vigorous short wave trough emerging from
    the high latitudes. By Tuesday evening, this perturbation is
    forecast to begin digging across the international border into the
    northern Great Plains/Upper Midwest, accompanied by another cold
    front.

    Seasonably high moisture content, on the southern periphery of the
    larger-scale cyclonic regime, has already become largely confined to
    the subtropical latitudes, with further southward suppression
    forecast across southern Texas and the Florida Peninsula through
    this period. However, a tongue of more modest moisture lingers
    inland across much of the Gulf Coast states and eastern Great
    Plains, along the southwestern through western flank of the
    troughing.

    Weak to modest destabilization, with insolation, and forcing for
    ascent associated with short wave perturbations embedded within the
    evolving pattern are likely to support a number of areas of
    scattered thunderstorm activity Tuesday through Tuesday night.
    However, the risk for severe weather appears generally low across
    most areas.

    ...Northern Great Plains...
    The mid-level cold core of the approaching vigorous short wave
    trough will remain post-frontal, but models suggest that a plume of
    modestly steep lower/mid-tropospheric lapse rates ahead of the front
    may contribute to destabilization sufficient for vigorous
    thunderstorm development by late Tuesday afternoon. It appears that
    this may become focused across parts of the eastern Dakotas into
    western Minnesota, where a residual pocket of boundary-layer dew
    points as high as the lower/mid 60s may contribute to CAPE on the
    order of 1000-2000+ J/kg. Forecast soundings suggest that
    deep-layer shear will remain generally weak, but mid/upper forcing
    for ascent might contribute to scattered upscale growing clusters
    with potential to produce marginally severe hail and wind.

    ...Southwestern Deserts into Great Basin...
    Areas of thunderstorm development will likely be rooted above a warm
    and deeply mixed boundary layer, with thermodynamic profiles
    conducive to at least isolated to widely scattered microbursts.
    However, the extent to which convection may be able to grow upscale
    into consolidating clusters, with outflow enhanced by downward
    transfer of momentum associated with southeasterly to southerly
    mid-level flow, remains unclear. Forecast ambient flow appears
    generally on the order 15-25 kts, but perhaps with embedded stronger
    speed maxima. It is possible that severe wind probabilities at or
    above 5 percent may still be needed, if/when potential corridors
    become more confidently evident.

    ..Kerr.. 09/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 2 06:01:54 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 020601
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 020600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Tue Sep 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    CENTRAL INTO EASTERN KANSAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A risk of severe storms exists for portions of the central Plains.
    Severe wind and hail are the primary threats, and an instance or two
    of 2+ inch diameter hail is also possible.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will rapidly amplify across the MS Valley region
    while upper ridging persists over the Interior West tomorrow
    (Wednesday). The central U.S. will be located within a deep-layer
    northwesterly flow regime. A surface cold front will surge southward
    across the central Plains, acting as a low-level lifting source (via convergence) for seasonal low-level moisture over the region. At
    least scattered strong thunderstorms are expected ahead of the cold
    front during the afternoon. Given strong flow/shear and colder
    temperatures aloft overspreading the pre-frontal airmass with the
    passage of an embedded impulse, some of the storms are expected to
    be severe.

    ...Central Plains...
    As the surface cold front approaches central and eastern KS from the
    north, surface temperatures may exceed 80 F amid mid to upper 60s F
    dewpoints. With 7-8 C/km mid-level lapse rates overspreading this
    airmass, MLCAPE may reach as high as 2500 J/kg in spots.
    Kinematically speaking, veering low-level flow, overspread by strong northwesterlies will yield curved and elongated hodographs with
    40-50 kts of effective bulk shear. The stronger storms are expected
    to become supercells, accompanied by severe wind and hail. There are
    some indications that a couple of stronger, sustained supercells may
    develop across eastern KS during the late afternoon to early evening
    hours. Given both the vertical shear profiles and colder
    temperatures aloft, a couple instances of 2+ inch hail and perhaps a
    tornado are possible.

    ..Squitieri.. 09/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 2 17:04:56 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 021704
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 021703

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1203 PM CDT Tue Sep 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS LATE WEDNESDAY
    AFTERNOON INTO EVENING ACROSS PARTS OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN KANSAS
    INTO WEST CENTRAL MISSOURI...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms will impact parts of the central
    Great Plains into Missouri Ozarks late Wednesday afternoon and
    evening, accompanied primarily by a risk for severe hail and
    potential for damaging wind gusts.

    ...Discussion...
    The large-scale mid/upper flow regime remains amplified across the
    eastern mid-latitude Pacific through North America, with little
    appreciable change forecast through this period. Troughing will be
    maintained east of the Canadian/U.S. Rockies, as far south as the
    Gulf Basin into southwestern Atlantic, reinforced by a pair of
    vigorous digging short wave perturbations emerging from the northern
    mid- to Arctic latitudes of northwestern Canada.

    The lead impulse is forecast to be in the process of digging across
    the international border through portions of the northern U.S. Great
    Plains and Upper Midwest by 12Z Wednesday. Models indicate that
    this will contribute to notable lower/mid-tropospheric cyclogenesis
    near/north of Lake Superior, toward the James Bay vicinity, through
    daybreak Thursday, as the trailing perturbation digs southeast of
    the Northwest Territories through eastern Canadian Prairies.

    While one initial weakening frontal zone (and associated plume of
    seasonably high moisture content) lingers across the central Gulf
    through southern Florida Peninsula/Straits vicinity, an initial
    reinforcing intrusion of cooler/drier air is forecast to surge into
    the Ohio Valley and through much of the central Great Plains by late
    Wednesday night. Another will begin nosing southward to the lee of
    the Canadian toward northern U.S. Rockies.

    ...Central Great Plains into Missouri Ozarks...
    Near the southwestern periphery of strengthening northwesterly
    mid-level flow (including 40+ kt around 500 mb), models continue to
    indicate that a plume of steepening lower/mid-tropospheric lapse
    rates will advect across the central Great Plains toward adjacent
    lower Missouri Valley vicinity during the day. Beneath this regime,
    it appears that residual boundary-layer moisture will remain
    sufficient to support the development of moderate potential
    instability, generally becoming focused in a corridor along/ahead of
    the southward advancing front and pre-frontal surface troughing by
    late afternoon.

    Uncertainties do linger due to continuing spread in the model
    output, particularly with regard to the degree of mid/upper forcing
    for ascent overspreading the region during the peak late afternoon
    instability, to the southwest of the primary digging mid-level
    trough/evolving low near the upper Great Lakes. With sufficient
    lift to overcome mid-level inhibition, the sheared environment will
    likely be conditionally conducive to organized severe convection.
    It is possible that this could be limited to one or two supercells
    and/or a small upscale growing cluster. However, this activity
    could become capable of producing large hail and potentially
    damaging wind gusts for at least a few hours late Wednesday
    afternoon into evening.

    ..Kerr.. 09/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 3 05:55:00 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 030554
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 030553

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1253 AM CDT Wed Sep 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM EASTERN
    TENNESSEE NORTHWARD INTO NORTHERN NEW YORK...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms may impact a corridor from east
    Tennessee northward to the US-Canadian border across northern New
    York on Thursday, accompanied by a risk for potentially damaging
    wind gusts.

    ... Synopsis ...

    A highly amplified midlevel pattern will continue through
    Thursday/Day-2 as a large ridge pushes north through western Canada
    and a downstream trough persists across much of the eastern United
    States. Within this amplified pattern, a seasonably cold midlevel
    low will exist across Ontario, with multiple lobes of vorticity
    rotating around the low. One such vorticity lobe/shortwave trough
    will move east across the Great Lakes bringing with it increasing
    ascent across portions of the eastern US.

    At the surface, a cold front associated with the midlevel shortwave
    trough will stretch through the Plains east-northeast into the lower
    Great Lakes at the start of the forecast period. This cold front
    will make slow progress southward across the Plains and faster
    progress east across the eastern Great Lakes region.

    ... East Tennessee northward into Upstate New York ...

    Seasonable moisture will be in place across the region ahead of the
    advancing surface cold front. Diurnal heating of this airmass should
    result in pockets of most-unstable CAPE up to 1500 J/kg to develop
    by early afternoon across southern portions of the region to perhaps
    750 J/kg across northern portions of the area.

    Thunderstorms, or their remnants, ongoing across portions of eastern
    Ohio and western Pennsylvania at the start of the period, should weaken/dissipate through the morning as they move east. These
    showers/storms or their outflow may provide potential foci for
    thunderstorm development/intensification during the afternoon. To
    the west, increasing large scale ascent associated with the
    shortwave trough and low-level convergence along the surface cold
    front should support additional bands of thunderstorms.

    The best thermodynamics will reside across Tennessee and adjacent
    areas, with the best deep-layer shear displaced to the north across
    northern Pennsylvania and New York. However, the joint distribution
    of forecast profiles of shear and buoyancy should favor thunderstorm organization into small multicell clusters or small linear segments,
    with the strongest of these capable of some damaging wind potential.

    ..Marsh.. 09/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 3 17:32:34 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 031732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 031731

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1231 PM CDT Wed Sep 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE
    TENNESSEE VALLEY AND SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS NORTHWARD INTO NEW
    YORK...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms capable of producing locally damaging
    wind gusts may impact a corridor from the Tennessee Valley and
    southern Appalachians northward through northern New York on
    Thursday.

    ...Synopsis...
    A deep/vertically stacked low pressure system will retrograde
    slightly westward over Ontario through the forecast period, while
    broad large-scale troughing encompasses much of the eastern CONUS.
    An embedded midlevel trough will track eastward across the Lower
    Great Lakes during the day, while a related cold front extending
    from NY south-southwestward along the Appalachians moves gradually
    eastward.

    ...TN Valley and Southern Appalachians northward into NY...
    Despite poor midlevel lapse rates, diurnal heating amid middle/upper
    50 to lower 60s dewpoints will result in a corridor of weak to
    locally moderate surface-based buoyancy ahead of the front during
    the afternoon. Scattered thunderstorms are expected along/ahead of
    the front, where 30-40 kt of effective shear will promote loosely
    organized multicell clusters and line segments. The stronger storm
    clusters will be capable of producing locally damaging wind gusts
    through the afternoon.

    ...Northern Plains...
    On the backside of the large-scale trough, a robust midlevel speed
    maximum will move into the northern Plains during the day. Strong
    forcing for ascent and cold temperatures aloft will support isolated thunderstorms. While deep-layer shear will be sufficient for
    organized storms, the post-frontal nature of this activity should
    limit the overall severe risk.

    ..Weinman.. 09/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 4 06:03:07 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 040602
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 040600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Thu Sep 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS STRETCHING FROM
    NORTHERN TEXAS NORTHEAST INTO SOUTHERN OHIO...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong thunderstorms will be possible from the southern Plains into
    the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys during the afternoon into the
    overnight hours. Isolated large hail and damaging winds may be
    possible with the strongest storms.

    ... Synopsis ...

    A seasonably strong/cold midlevel low will persist across Ontario,
    with an attendant larger-scale trough persisting across much of the
    eastern United States. A potent midlevel shortwave trough will be
    across the Upper Great Lakes at the start of the period and will
    quickly rotate around the upper low into Quebec through the period.
    In its wake a midlevel ribbon of higher vorticity will be left
    behind from Iowa northeast across Michigan. Upstream from this, the
    midlevel height field will begin to respond to another shortwave
    trough rotating around the Ontario low.

    At the surface, a surface low will quickly lift northeast from
    northern Michigan through Ontario and into Quebec through the
    forecast period. A cold from will extend southwest from this low and
    will push south and east as the surface low lifts northeast.
    Although somewhat diffuse initially, the temperature gradient across
    the cold front will rapidly strengthen through the day.

    ... Ohio and Tennessee Valleys ...

    Diurnal heating should allow afternoon temperatures to warm into the
    80Fs and 90Fs across the region. Given surface dewpoint temperatures
    in the mid 60Fs perhaps as far north as southern Ohio, this heating
    will result in most-unstable CAPE values in excess of 2000 J/kg
    across the area. The region will also be on the periphery of the
    stronger midlevel flow, yield effective shear of around 40 knots.

    Thunderstorms should develop by late afternoon in response to
    increasing large-scale ascent associated with both differential
    vorticity advection and frontal circulations. Given the degree of
    instability and effective layer shear, initial thunderstorms may
    exhibit supercellular structures. However, given the
    temperature-dewpoint spreads on the order of 20F+ the expectation is
    that thunderstorms should tend to favor upscale growth toward linear
    segments. As such, thunderstorms may initially pose a hail threat,
    especially across western Kentucky and Tennessee, but should
    transition to more of a wind threat with eastward extent.

    Across portions of Kentucky and southern Ohio, a short-window,
    conditional tornado threat may evolve as thunderstorms develop in
    the vicinity of the surface boundary. As thunderstorms interact with
    or cross over the boundary, strong northeasterly surface winds will
    enlarge low-level hodographs supporting at least some tornado
    threat.

    ... Greater Arklatex Region ...

    The surface cold front across the region is expected to strengthen
    during the day as it slowly moves south. During the evening into the
    overnight hours, strong warm-air advection on the nose of a
    strengthening low-level jet may support thunderstorm development on
    the cool side of the cold front. Despite surface temperatures in the
    60Fs and low 70Fs, steep mid-level lapse rates atop the colder
    surface layer may support isolated large hail.

    ..Marsh.. 09/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 4 17:27:40 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 041727
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 041726

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 PM CDT Thu Sep 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF THE
    OHIO AND TENNESSEE VALLEYS INTO THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered thunderstorms capable of producing damaging wind gusts and
    isolated large hail are expected across parts of the Ohio and
    Tennessee Valleys into the Central Appalachians on Friday.

    ...Synopsis...
    A deep/vertically stacked cyclone will move gradually northward
    across Ontario toward Hudson Bay through the period, as an
    accompanying midlevel jet streak advances from the Great Lakes into
    Quebec. Peripheral to the deep cyclone, broad midlevel troughing
    will persist across much of the eastern CONUS. An accompanying cold
    front will extend from the Great Lakes region southwestward across
    the OH Valley into the southern Plains. Given the slowly
    evolving/amplified upper-level pattern, the cold front will only
    move gradually east-southeastward through the period.

    ...Ohio/Tennessee Valleys into the Central Appalachians...
    Ahead of the cold front, ample diurnal heating amid upper 60s
    dewpoints will contribute to a moderately unstable (around 2500 J/kg
    MLCAPE), uncapped pre-convective air mass. Potentially aided by a
    convectively augmented midlevel impulse approaching the OH Valley
    from the west, scattered thunderstorms should develop
    along/immediately ahead of the front during the afternoon into evening/overnight. The aforementioned buoyancy and around 30-40 kt
    of effective shear should promote convective organization into
    clusters/small line segments and perhaps transient supercell
    structures. The stronger/longer-lived storms will be capable of
    producing damaging wind gusts and isolated severe hail. The best
    overlap of moderate buoyancy (higher with southward extent) and
    favorable deep-layer shear (stronger with northward extent) should
    exist over KY and surrounding states, where a Slight Risk was added.

    ...Mid-South into the Southern Plains...
    The cold front will be oriented more west-east over this region,
    with the stronger deep shear confined to the cool side of the
    boundary. Additionally, convective initiation may occur later into
    the evening/overnight hours along the sharpening cold front.
    Nevertheless, moderate-strong buoyancy aided by steep deep-layer
    lapse rates will promote strong storms capable of producing locally
    damaging gusts and sporadic, marginally severe hail.

    ..Weinman.. 09/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 5 05:53:14 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 050553
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 050551

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1251 AM CDT Fri Sep 05 2025

    Valid 061200Z - 071200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS IN PARTS OF THE MID-ATLANTIC INTO NEW ENGLAND...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered to scattered thunderstorms will pose primarily a
    risk of damaging wind gusts across parts of the Mid-Atlantic into
    New England on Saturday.

    ...Synopsis...
    Troughing will remain across the Midwest into the Northeast on
    Saturday. A cold front along/near the Appalachians will make
    eastward progress through the day. Severe potential will focus along
    and ahead of this front depending on where destabilization can
    occur. Another shortwave trough will move through northern
    California into the Northwest.

    ...Mid-Atlantic into New England...
    A surface cold front in the general vicinity of the Appalachians
    will be the focus for potential afternoon thunderstorm development.
    The timing of this feature remains uncertain in guidance. This
    timing, along with cloud cover associated with the Great Lakes
    trough, will play a large role in where destabilization can occur
    during the afternoon.

    Confidence in storm coverage is higher with northward extent given
    the better mid-level ascent across southern New England. However,
    this area also may have greater cloud cover concerns. Even so, there
    are models that show temperatures in the upper 70s to low 80s F.
    Should these warmer temperatures occur, there will likely be a
    narrow corridor of greater severe potential from southern New
    England into northern portions of the Mid-Atlantic region.
    Strong/damaging winds would be the primary hazard as convection
    mixes down the stronger 850 mb winds. Mid-level lapse rates will be
    rather poor, though long hodographs could promote marginally severe
    hail in any discrete storms that can develop and persist. Discrete
    modes will likely be short-lived given the deep-layer flow parallel
    to the cold front.

    Farther south into the Piedmont, surface heating and buoyancy will
    be greater. Shear will eventually taper off with southern extent.
    However, mid-level ascent will be weaker with near neutral mid-level
    height tendencies. Storm coverage may end up tied to locally greater
    ascent from a subtle shortwave/MCV. Isolated wind damage would be
    possible with the strongest storms.

    ...Northwest...
    A compact shortwave trough should move through Oregon, favorably
    timed with peak diurnal heating. Widely scattered to scattered
    storms will be possible. Temperatures of around -13 to -15 C at 500
    mb will support at least low-end buoyancy. The primary uncertainty
    with regard to severe potential will be the quality of low-level
    moisture. Most models suggest strong mixing will occur with the NAM
    being the outlier with low-level moisture. There is additional
    uncertainty in surface heating given smoke within the region.
    Confidence in severe storm coverage is too low for probabilities,
    but strong to marginally severe surface gusts and isolated hail
    would be possible if greater moisture remains during the afternoon.

    ..Wendt.. 09/05/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 5 17:33:47 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 051733
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 051732

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1232 PM CDT Fri Sep 05 2025

    Valid 061200Z - 071200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM EASTERN
    PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY NORTHEASTWARD INTO FAR SOUTHERN MAINE...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms are most likely Saturday
    from eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey into parts of southern New
    England. Isolated strong gusts are possible extending southward
    across the Piedmont.

    ...Synopsis...
    A leading mid/upper level speed max will pivot northeastward across
    Quebec on Saturday, with the right-entrance region sweeping across
    much of the northeastern states. Given the trajectory, only subtle
    height falls will occur over the region, but midlevel southwest
    winds will increase to around 60 kt, enhancing deep-layer shear.

    This cyclonic pattern aloft will extend well south across the
    Appalachians, where winds will be much weaker. However, relatively
    cool midlevel temperatures will aid destabilization in these areas.

    At the surface, a cold front will push east from ME into northern
    VA, with a moist air mass ahead of it. Winds at 850 mb will increase
    to 30-40 kt across the Northeast, which will aid the northward
    transport of moisture and destabilization.

    ...Northeast...
    A wave of low pressure is forecast to develop over eastern PA early
    in the day, translating northeastward along the front and into ME by
    late afternoon. Stronger heating and steep low-level lapse rates
    should develop from VA into eastern PA/NJ and into interior southern
    New England, with MLCAPE around 1500 J/kg as an areal average.

    As the warm air mass develops and accelerates north ahead of the
    cold front, both instability and shear parameter space will become
    favorable for severe storms, including supercell potential. A line
    of storms is expected by 17 to 18Z, from eastern PA toward the
    Hudson Valley, expanding N/S and pushing east through the afternoon.
    Given 40-50 kt effective deep-layer shear and enhanced low-level
    shear with the midday surface theta-e surge, the initial storm mode
    may be cellular along the boundary, with a brief tornado or two
    possible along with some hail. Damaging winds are then most likely
    as outflows merge, and spread east across the remainder of the
    region through late afternoon.

    ...Piedmont...
    Strong heating will occur across most of the area, with areas of
    high-level clouds expected across the Appalachians. The
    moist/uncapped air mass and weak surface trough should yield
    scattered afternoon storms. Despite weak shear, favorable timing
    with peak heating/steep boundary layer lapse rates as well as up to
    2000 J/kg MUCAPE may yield locally strong to damaging downbursts. A
    few storms could produce marginal hail given sufficient longevity.

    ..Jewell.. 09/05/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 6 05:58:22 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 060558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 060556

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1256 AM CDT Sat Sep 06 2025

    Valid 071200Z - 081200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Potential for severe weather appears low on Sunday.

    ...Synopsis...
    On Sunday, an upper-level trough will move through the Lower Great
    Lakes and Northeast. Surface high pressure will build most areas
    east of the Divide. A surface cold front will likely remain in parts
    of the eastern Carolinas and the Southeast. Within the
    southern/central High Plains, low-level moisture return will begin
    on the western flank of the surface high.

    ...Eastern Carolinas...
    Mid-level winds will be moderately strong within the southern
    Mid-Atlantic region. These winds will weaken quickly with southern
    extent across the Carolinas into the Southeast. Ample cloud cover
    will stunt surface heating. Even so, widely scattered to scattered
    convection appears possible along the front in the coastal plains
    region. Where locally greater heating can occur, a stronger storm or
    two could develop and produce localized gusty winds.

    ...Central/Southern High Plains...
    A narrow zone of modest MLCAPE (around 1000 J/kg, generally) will
    develop as moisture returns northward. Storms are more likely to
    develop within the higher terrain with more uncertainty along the
    lee trough. Forcing for ascent will be nebulous and at least weak
    inhibition may lead to limited coverage and duration of any
    activity. Models do depict a subtle perturbation approaching the
    central High Plains towards late afternoon. Later developing
    convection would likely be elevated, sustained by the low-level jet.
    With modest shear and buoyancy, the stronger storms could produce
    small/low-end hail, but overall severe risk continues to appear low.

    ..Wendt.. 09/06/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 6 17:17:24 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 061717
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 061715

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1215 PM CDT Sat Sep 06 2025

    Valid 071200Z - 081200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorm potential is expected to remain low on Sunday.

    ...Central/Southern High Plains...

    An upper level ridge will build over the Rockies/Western U.S. during
    the day on Sunday, with some warming in mid/upper levels noted.
    Near/after 00z, a weak shortwave impulse is forecast to eject east
    from the central Rockies into the central Plains, resulting in
    modest height falls and some forcing for ascent into CO/NE/KS. At
    the surface, weak lee troughing will support southerly return flow,
    and a narrow corridor of 50s to near 60 F dewpoints is forecast from
    southwest NE into eastern CO and western KS, southward over far
    eastern NM, and western TX/OK. Midlevel lapse rates are expected to
    remain modest with RAP/NAM forecast soundings indicating 700-500 mb
    lapse rates around 6.5-7 C/km atop the modest boundary layer
    moisture. This will support generally weak MLCAPE to around 1000
    J/kg. Vertically veering wind profiles (southerly low-levels
    becoming northwesterly with height) will foster modest effective
    shear magnitudes around 25 kt.

    Isolated thunderstorms may develop by late afternoon into early
    evening within the modestly unstable/moist boundary layer near the
    surface trough. A low-level jet is forecast to increase during the
    evening, and may aid in sustaining thunderstorms despite a cooling
    boundary layer. A strong storm or two could produce small hail or
    gusty winds, but overall severe potential appears limited given a
    lack of stronger forcing/thermodynamic environment and concerns over
    limited storm coverage.

    ...Coastal Carolinas into southeast GA...

    Moderate southwesterly deep-layer flow will weaken with time and
    southward extent as the stronger upper shortwave trough over the
    Great Lakes/Northeast lifts northeast through the period. At the
    surface, a very moist airmass will be in place ahead of an
    eastward-advancing cold front. This will support MLCAPE of 1000-2000
    J/kg during the afternoon. Vertical shear also will remain limited,
    with weak flow through at least 700 mb evident in forecast
    soundings. Cloud cover and poor lapse rates will likely limit severe
    potential, but where stronger heating can occur, locally gusty winds
    will be possible.

    ..Leitman.. 09/06/2025

    $$

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